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  🔩 Metals and Non-Metals – Class 10 Notes 🔹 Physical Properties: Property Metals Non-Metals Lustre Shiny Dull Malleability Can be hammered Brittle Ductility Can be drawn into wires Not ductile Conductivity Good conductor Poor conductor Sonorous Yes No 🔬 Chemical Properties: Reaction with Oxygen: Metals: 4Na + O₂ → 2Na₂O Non-Metals: C + O₂ → CO₂ Reaction with Water: 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂ Reaction with Acids: Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂ Displacement Reaction: More reactive metal displaces less reactive one Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu ⚙️ Reactivity Series: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au 🧪  Uses of Metals and Non-Metals: Element Use Copper Electrical wires Aluminium Aircraft, utensils Oxygen Respiration Sulphur Fireworks, gunpowder ✍️ Tip: Metals form basic oxides , non-metals form acidic oxides . 📢 More revision notes & diagrams coming soon at Topper Notes! Science...

  🧪 Acids, Bases and Salts – Class 10 Notes ✅ Definition: Acids: Substances which taste sour and turn blue litmus red . (e.g. HCl, H₂SO₄) Bases: Substances which taste bitter and turn red litmus blue . (e.g. NaOH, Ca(OH)₂) Salts: Compounds formed from the neutralization reaction between acid and base. 🌈 Indicators: Used to detect acidic or basic nature of a solution. Indicator In Acid In Base Litmus Blue → Red Red → Blue Methyl Orange Orange → Red Orange → Yellow Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink 🔄 Neutralization Reaction: mathematica Copy Edit Acid + Base → Salt + Water HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H ₂ O 🧪 Chemical Properties of Acids: Acid + Metal → Salt + H₂ gas Example: Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂↑ Acid + Base → Salt + Water Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + H₂O + CO₂ Example: CaCO₃ + HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂↑ 🧪 Chemical Properties of Bases: Base + Acid → Salt + Water Base + Non-metal Oxide → Salt + Water Example: Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ →...

  Class 10 Science Chapter 1 Notes – Chemical Reactions and Equations July 07, 2025   🔬  Chemical Reactions and Equations – Class 10 Notes ✅  Definition: A  chemical reaction  is a process in which one or more substances (reactants) are converted into one or more new substances (products), usually with energy change. 💡  Characteristics of Chemical Reactions: Change in state Change in color Evolution of gas Change in temperature Formation of a precipitate 🔁  Types of Chemical Reactions: Type of Reaction Example Combination Reaction CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ Decomposition Reaction 2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂ Displacement Reaction Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu Double Displacement Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl Oxidation & Reduction Fe → Fe₂O₃ (Rusting of Iron) ⚖️  Balanced vs Unbalanced Equations: Unbalanced: H₂ + O₂ → H₂O  ❌ Balanced: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O  ✅ 📜  Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical rea...