Class 10 Science NCERT BOOK chapter 2 Notes – Acids, Bases, and Salts

 

🧪 Acids, Bases and Salts – Class 10 Notes

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✅ Definition:

• Acids: Substances which taste sour and turn blue litmus red. (e.g. HCl, H₂SO₄)

• Bases: Substances which taste bitter and turn red litmus blue. (e.g. NaOH, Ca(OH)₂)

• Salts: Compounds formed from the neutralization reaction between acid and base.

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🌈 Indicators:

Used to detect acidic or basic nature of a solution.

Indicator	In Acid	In Base
Litmus	Blue → Red	Red → Blue
Methyl Orange	Orange → Red	Orange → Yellow
Phenolphthalein	Colourless	Pink

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🔄 Neutralization Reaction:

mathematica
Acid + Base → Salt + Water  
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O

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🧪 Chemical Properties of Acids:

1. Acid + Metal → Salt + H₂ gas
   Example: Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂↑

2. Acid + Base → Salt + Water

3. Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + H₂O + CO₂
   Example: CaCO₃ + HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂↑

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🧪 Chemical Properties of Bases:

1. Base + Acid → Salt + Water

2. Base + Non-metal Oxide → Salt + Water
   Example: Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O

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📏 pH Scale:

• Measures strength of acids and bases

• Scale: 0 to 14

  • 0–6: Acidic

  • 7: Neutral

  • 8–14: Basic

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⚠️ Importance of pH in Everyday Life:

1. Plants: pH of soil affects growth

2. Tooth Decay: Bacteria produce acids that lower pH

3. Sting of Wasp/Bee: Treated with weak base/acid

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🧪 Common Salts:

Salt Name	Formula	Use
Sodium Chloride	NaCl	Table Salt
Baking Soda	NaHCO₃	Baking, Antacid
Washing Soda	Na₂CO₃·10H₂O	Cleaning agent
Plaster of Paris	CaSO₄·½H₂O	Setting fractured bones

Science Chapter notes

 class 10 science chapter 1 chemical reactions and equation

Class 10 Science NCERT BOOK chapter 2 Notes – Acids, Bases, and Salts

Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Notes – Metals and Non-Metals